Groundwater was encountered during the mining of the tunnels and drained from the U12n and U12t tunnels for the majority of the time they were open. Twenty-one underground nuclear tests were conducted in the U12n tunnel and six were conducted in the U12t tunnel. More than 10,600 linear meters (34,900 linear feet) of tunnels were excavated in the U12t tunnel in support of underground nuclear testing (Drollinger et al., 2009). Mining was initiated in the U12t tunnel during the late 1960s and continued until the early 1990s. The two mesas have similar geologic and hydrologic environments. The U12t tunnel is located just north of Rainier Mesa in Aqueduct Mesa.
More than 25,100 linear meters (82,500 linear feet) of drifts were mined in support of underground nuclear tests conducted in the U12n tunnel (Drollinger et al., 2011). The U12n tunnel is the largest of the tunnels mined into Rainier Mesa, with excavations conducted from 1962 to 1992 (Drollinger et al., 2011). Water in the tunnels originates as local recharge and is retained at the tunnel level in the form of perched water owing to the low permeability of the rocks surrounding the tunnels.
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Geologically, the two mesas are composed of a series of Miocene and Pliocene volcanic rocks. Rainier Mesa is the highest point on the NNSS (2,341 m ) and receives an average annual rainfall of 318.0 mm (12.52 in) per year. The mesas are located approximately 120 km (75 mi) west-northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada. The U12n and U12t tunnels were mined into Rainier Mesa and Aqueduct Mesa, Area 12 of the NNSS. Data were also evaluated to determine if monitored radiological parameters exceeded primary standards associated with the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) (40 C.F.R. Desert Research Institute (DRI) conducted a semiquantitative evaluation of pressure data to determine the extent to which the tunnels have been inundated and a qualitative evaluation of monitored geochemical parameters to determine if trends exist that were indicative of hydrologic and/or geochemical processes more » operating behind the tunnel plugs. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Environmental Management Nevada Program (EM NV) conducted routine physical and geochemical monitoring of water impounded behind impermeable structures placed within the U12n and U12t tunnels on the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) (formerly the Nevada Test Site ). The Department of Defense (DOD) Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) and the U.S. President Bush signed the bill into law in October = « less The bill also provided for a resumption of testing (with no more than five tests per year, or a total of 15 during the next three years) in July 1993, and mandated an end to nuclear testing, entirely, by 1996.
In September 1992, Congress legislated a nine-month moratorium on the testing of nuclear weapons. Scientific information and data associated with NTS activities are presented in technical documents published by participating agencies.
Information in the report covers the logistics and management of activities. (In the past, each annual Completion Report dealt with a series of underground nuclear detonations however, because no nuclear tests were conducted during FY 1993, this Report summarizes continuing nonnuclear and nuclear test readiness activities at the NTS sponsored by DOE/NV.) The report serves as a reference for those involved with the planning and execution of Operation KLAXON and also serves as a planning guide for future operations. Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office (DOE/NV), Completion Report provides a summary of activities conducted at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) between October 1, 1992, and September 30, 1993, associated with Operation KLAXON.
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